In the realm of fluid mechanics, flow regimes quantify the distinct behaviors exhibited by fluids in motion. At one extreme, we encounter steady motion, a scenario where fluid velocity remains constant at each point over time. This regime is often characterized by smooth, predictable paths. In contrast, turbulence introduces a state of chaotic moti

Semiconductors play a critical role in modern electronics due to their ability to control the flow of electricity under specific conditions. They can be broadly classified into two categories: intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Intrinsic semiconductors, such as pure silicon or germanium, possess limited conductivity because their valence band